Mouth sores are a common condition that can affect people of all ages. While most mouth sores are harmless and heal on their own, some can signal more serious health issues. The treatment for mouth sores depends largely on their type, as various conditions can cause these painful lesions.

Mouth Sores: Causes, Types, and Treatments

What Are Mouth Sores?

Mouth sores are painful lesions that develop on the soft tissues inside your mouth. These sores can appear on your lips, gums, tongue, the inside of your cheeks, the floor of your mouth, or even the roof of your mouth. While they can be distressing, mouth sores usually heal within a few weeks, though some types may require medical attention.

Types of Mouth Sores

Mouth sores can be categorized into several types, each caused by different factors. The most common types of mouth sores include:

  • Canker Sores: Also known as mouth ulcers, canker sores are typically round or oval and appear white, yellow, or gray with a red border. They are not contagious and usually heal within 10 to 14 days.

  • Cold Sores: Also referred to as fever blisters, cold sores are caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). These sores are contagious and can spread through direct contact like kissing or sharing food and drinks.

  • Gingivostomatitis: This condition, which can be caused by either viral or bacterial infections, is marked by painful sores in the mouth, usually affecting the gums or the inner cheeks. It is most commonly seen in children.

  • Thrush: Also known as oral candidiasis, thrush is a fungal infection in the mouth. It results in white, creamy lesions on the tongue, gums, and the inside of the cheeks. While it isn’t typically contagious, thrush can occur in people with weakened immune systems.

  • Oral Lichen Planus: This chronic inflammatory disorder leads to lacy, raised lesions in the mouth, often on the gums, tongue, and inside the cheeks. The cause of oral lichen planus remains unclear but it is often associated with other autoimmune conditions.

  • Leukoplakia: This condition involves thick, white patches in the mouth. It is often linked to tobacco use. While leukoplakia usually resolves on its own, persistent or severe cases can sometimes be a sign of oral cancer.

  • Oral Cancer: Mouth cancer can present itself as sores or lesions that do not heal over time. These types of sores may appear red, white, or ulcerated and should be evaluated by a healthcare professional immediately.

Mouth Sores

Mouth Sores

Who Is Affected by Mouth Sores?

Anyone can experience mouth sores, but the likelihood of developing certain types may vary by age. For instance, conditions like thrush and gingivostomatitis are more common in children, while leukoplakia and oral lichen planus are more frequently seen in older adults.

Cold sores and canker sores are among the most prevalent oral lesions. Around 20% of individuals will get canker sores at some point in their lives, while more than half of people are infected with the herpes simplex virus that causes cold sores, although only 20-40% of these individuals will actually develop the lesions.

Symptoms of Mouth Sores

Mouth sores can cause various symptoms, depending on the type of sore. Common symptoms include:

Causes of Mouth Sores

There are many potential causes of mouth sores, ranging from minor irritations to serious medical conditions. Some common causes include:

  • Biting your lip, tongue, or cheek
  • Irritation from braces or other dental appliances
  • Using a hard-bristled toothbrush or brushing too aggressively
  • Tobacco use
  • Hormonal changes
  • Stress
  • Burns from hot foods or drinks
  • Infection with the herpes simplex virus

Certain health conditions can also lead to mouth sores, such as:

  • Mononucleosis
  • Celiac disease
  • Anemia or folate deficiency
  • Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease
  • Pemphigus vulgaris
  • HIV/AIDS
  • Lupus
  • Crohn’s disease
  • Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
  • HPV (human papillomavirus)

Additionally, chemotherapy and radiation treatment can cause mouth sores, particularly in those receiving treatment for head or neck cancers.

Are Mouth Sores Contagious?

The contagiousness of mouth sores depends on their type. Cold sores caused by the herpes simplex virus are highly contagious and can spread through saliva or close contact. On the other hand, conditions like thrush are not contagious. If you’re uncertain about the cause of your mouth sore, consult a healthcare provider to clarify the situation.

How Mouth Sores Spread

Cold sores spread through saliva, close personal contact, and by sharing items like food, drinks, or utensils. It’s important to avoid kissing or sharing items when you have an active cold sore to prevent spreading the virus.

Are Mouth Sores Viral or Bacterial?

While viruses are a common cause of mouth sores, bacterial infections can also lead to oral lesions. For instance, cold sores are caused by the herpes simplex virus, while gingivostomatitis may be triggered by bacteria like streptococcus.

How Are Mouth Sores Diagnosed?

In most cases, mouth sores can be diagnosed simply by visual inspection. However, if a sore doesn’t heal or is particularly painful, a doctor may order a blood test or biopsy to rule out other conditions.

Should I See a Doctor for Mouth Sores?

Most mouth sores can be treated by a dentist or primary care doctor. However, if you experience recurring mouth sores or if the sores are linked to a medical condition, it’s advisable to consult a healthcare provider. Conditions such as oral cancer may require immediate attention, so any persistent, non-healing sores should be evaluated promptly.

Treatment for Mouth Sores

Treatment options depend on the type of mouth sore you have. To alleviate symptoms, your doctor might prescribe steroid gels, pain relievers, or anti-inflammatory medications. At home, you can take steps to reduce discomfort by:

  • Rinsing with warm salt water
  • Using over-the-counter pain relievers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen
  • Avoiding smoking and other tobacco products
  • Not squeezing or irritating the sores

Diet Tips When Dealing with Mouth Sores

If you’re suffering from mouth sores, opt for soft, cool foods like ice cream, yogurt, or smoothies. These foods are soothing and less likely to irritate the sores. Avoid hot, spicy, salty, or citrus-based foods as they can exacerbate the pain.

Can Mouth Sores Be Prevented?

While it may not be possible to completely prevent mouth sores, you can reduce your risk by practicing good oral hygiene, managing stress, staying hydrated, and avoiding tobacco and alcohol. Regular dental checkups are also essential in maintaining good oral health.

When to See a Doctor

Mouth sores typically heal on their own, but if you experience any of the following symptoms, it’s important to seek medical attention:

  • Large sores (larger than half an inch in diameter)
  • Sores that do not heal after three weeks
  • Severe pain or a high fever
  • Difficulty swallowing
  • Unexplained rashes or joint pain

Are Cold Sores a Symptom of COVID-19?

While not a primary symptom, cold sores have been reported in some individuals diagnosed with COVID-19. Research is ongoing to determine whether the virus directly triggers these mouth sores or if they are secondary symptoms due to the body’s immune response.

Conclusion

Although most mouth sores are harmless, they can cause significant discomfort. Knowing the type of mouth sore you have and understanding the appropriate treatment can help manage symptoms. If you have concerns or if your sores persist for more than three weeks, it’s crucial to consult a healthcare professional to rule out more serious conditions.